# polar!

After my last unit, which didn’t go as well as I’d have liked, I have been teaching a unit on polar. Where one space (rectangular) transmogrifies into another space (polar).

I’ve been content with what the kids have done this unit. Again, they did all the discovery.

• How to change a point in rectangular coordinates to polar
• How to change a point in polar to rectangular
• How to graph a polar point — and find a bunch of different ways to represent that point in polar coordinates (showing that polar coordinates are not unique, unlike rectangular coordinates)
• How to convert from a rectangular equation to the polar equation
• How to convert from a polar equation to a rectangular equation
• How to graph simple polar equations by hand
• How to conceptually understand what the polar graphs will look like, and why
• How to graph complex numbers on the complex plane
• How to represent complex numbers in polar form (“cis”)
• How to multiply and divide complex numbers using polar form
• How to take find roots of unity (haven’t taught yet… throwing it in tomorrow…)

This unit, I’ve been more conscientious about collecting their work almost each night, so I could see their problems. One big thing was that I identified that rectangular points in the 2nd and 3rd quadrants provided difficulty when converting to polar (because of the inverse tangent function, which only yields angles in the 1st and 4th quadrant). Because of that, I was able to target that and bring that up in class, and incorporate more points there.

I think I made some solid — but very basic — materials for polar. I’m going to share them below, and explain each one of them…  [In Word format, in case you want to use/modify them, they are here: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]

1. Introduction to a new spaceThis is my introduction to polar. I introduce the idea of isotropy (without using the word) and say that we need things to anchor us so we can refer to them. One way — the way we’ve always done it — is using how for north/south we’ve gone from the origin, and how far east/west we’ve gone from the origin. Our regular rectangular coordinates. But… BUT there is another way. I have them play a few rounds of polar battleship on Geogebra to get a sense of it, without telling them anything. Then, without any direct instruction, students move on to actually convert from rectangular coordinates to polar. I do a little direct instruction about how to plot polar coordinates, when $r$ is negative and when $\theta$ is negative. And then they do some plotting, and then convert from polar coordinates to rectangular coordinates. Most importantly, they figure out how to do these conversions on their own.

2. Graphing in PolarThe warm up refreshes kids on the equation for a circle, but it also importantly has them graph a horizontal and a vertical line. When we talk about the warm up, I really emphasize that for the equation $x=-2$, what does that mean about the $y$ coordinate? (“It can be ANYTHING! There is no restriction placed on $y$!”) The reason this is so important is that when they graph $r=2$, I hope they say “well $r$ is stuck at $2$, but the angle can be anything” (and similarly, for $\theta=\pi/4$, “I suppose $\theta$ is stuck at $\pi/4$, but $r$ can be anything.”). The rest is pretty much saying: okay, we’ve got our conversions for individual points… can we use them to convert whole equations? (Yes.)

3. Understanding Polar GraphsNow, after all of this, we’re finally going to graph our first not-so-simple polar equation by hand. We do the very basic first one together, and then they’re off to the races! I wasn’t sure how much I truly cared about them graphing by hand, but it’s clear to me now that doing a few of these by hand really brings to life what graphing in polar truly means. Especially when you get negative r values.

4. Polar Graphing Exploration: This was a day and a half of conceptual lifting, done by the students. There is the most amazing polar applet created by David Little. More than anything else, this one applet has truly let me understand how polar graphs are created. It’s simple, and amazing. I didn’t want to teach my kids about the different names for the different graphs, and to identify what the graph will look like based on the equation. Instead, I wanted them to be able to understand why some graphs have a dent, why some look like a  loop with a loop-de-loop inside of it, why some are spirals, and why some are flowers.

So I had them use the applet — and the packet — to explore. And I have to say: they were really making solid connections, and having good conversations, as they were going through it. If you use it, the one thing you want to tell the kids is to “not touch a” and “after you finish analyzing one graph, change b back to b=0.1\$”. Honestly, this was the most “risky” of my classes because instead of staying traditional, I said “here, learn it.”

5. Shape of a Polar Graph: After they finished their exploration, I wanted to see what they took away from it, so I gave this out. I collected it and read through them. Some kids fared better on it than others. I didn’t have time to mark them up and give lots of individual feedback, so instead I created a solution packet and I gave it to them — letting them compare, ask questions, etc.

6. Polar Practice: After the last assessment, because I wasn’t totally confident on my kids’s ability to do the basic types of problems, I whipped this set of problems up, which I gave to them, collected, and harshly marked up. This was the best feedback for me, because I got to see what kids were confident about, and what they struggled with.

7. Complex Numbers, the Complex Plane, and Polar Coordinates: I start bringing complex numbers into the mix. I first have them spend a few minutes trying to multiply and divide complex numbers, but it starts getting tedious and annoying (it’s supposed to). We talk about what a complex plane looks like, how I can graph complex numbers on them, and how complex numbers not only have a rectangular (a+bi) form, but also a polar form (involving $r$ and $\theta$). They don’t seem to have any trouble getting that.

Then: BAM! I immediately have them do a problem, look for a pattern, and make a conjecture. The theorem we’re going for says that if you have two complex numbers written in polar form, if you multiply these numbers, you simply have to multiply the $r$ values and add the $\theta$ values. BAM. Awesome. So they see this. We talk about whether it’s a proof or not (it’s not). We talk about another example to evidence it, and then I let them loose on complex multiplication and division problems.

8. Basic Practice Problems for Complex Numbers: These are the practice problems I gave for students to work on. I also taught them how to use their calculators to input, store, and multiply/divide complex numbers.

9. Advanced Practice with Complex NumbersThis is a short sheet that has kids prove DeMoivre’s theorem.

10. Complex Roots:  I wanted to teach roots of unity, but I don’t have a lot of time, so I made this sheet up — and we’re going to walk through it together. (Tomorrow.) We almost never do that. But it’s our last class before the test, and I think it’s just so cool that I have to show it to them.

Reflecting back, I feel kinda bad that I didn’t design this sheet backwards. Start by having students draw a perfect, regular pentagon on the coordinate plane (letting one point be (1,0) and the center at (0.0)). Then have them find the coordinate of the vertices of the pentagon. Then talking through the vertices to conclude they all are roots of unity (if we consider the plane a complex plane). But eh, I didn’t.

1. Eric says:

How long did you take to go through the 10 sheets?

2. I counted 9 instructional days. I go at the pace of my kids. I didn’t quite do much with the last sheet, and we spent a solid 2 days on the applet activity. In reflections I had my kids write about what they felt stood out to them this quarter, a number of them talked about the connections and the “a ha” moment they were able to draw with that activity.

3. Eric says:

Thanks for the reply. I’m in my 1st year teaching math/physics (taught 3rd/5th grade prior to this year for 5 years) so I’m trying to figure out how to not just lecture/practice/rinse/repeat every day. I’m only planning on 4-5 days of polar and don’t have access to class computers, but your stuff at least opened some conceptual doors that I’ll try with my students. On another note, could you approve me follow request on Twitter, I’m @swedenese

4. Good luck with it! Also, followed you back. In general I don’t approve anyone who doesn’t have “math teacher” written in their description… because there are a lot of spam bots out there… So that’s why I hadn’t clicked approve. But now I know you’re a real math teacher so yay!

5. Thanks for all of this, Sam! I’ve been stealing a packet here and a packet there for our current work on Polar coordinates because I didn’t like the way I did it last year. Of course, we’re also 1 month behind where I was this time last year–good thing I don’t have an end-of-year exam to answer to (Instead, I’d like to believe that my students get to learn more problem-solving abilities than others who have an end-of-year exam…)

Unfortunately my class isn’t set up the same way as yours, so using these are a little like trying to fit a square peg in a round hole, but I do appreciate the discussions that are arising from my students, and the many different ways you build intuition of polar coordinates.

6. Andrea says:

Sam,
I just wanted to say thank you so much for sharing all of this stuff. It is so thoughtfully and thoroughly compiled that I felt like I hit the jackpot when I stumbled across it. I can’t wait to try these discovery activities with my students! Thank you thank you thank you!!!!

1. You are so welcome. And you are so incredibly sweet to write this note even though you didn’t have to. You. are. the. best.

7. Looking forward to using these resources Sam. They are awesome. Thanks for posting!!

1. Yay! I’m doing polar now, so it’s a nice coincidence that you’re commenting on this!

The applet in #4 is a bit finnicky, and I’m not sure if it’s my school’s laptops not playing nice with java, or the applet itself. For PCs, I’ve found a solution:

2) In the start menu, search for “configure java” and open that panel
3) Go to the security tab and add http://www.personal.psu.edu/dpl14/java/calculus/polarcurves.html to the site exceptions list. (I also have my security settings on medium)
4) If firefox is open, close it and open it again (this is because you updated java). If it was closed, open up firefox. Go to http://www.personal.psu.edu/dpl14/java/calculus/polarcurves.html.

It should work!

I’m hoping this annoyance with java is just a thing with my school’s laptops and not everyone else’s, but just in case…

Always,
Sam

8. Meg B says:

I am working through your unit with my class. I have not used Polar coordinates since I was in high school (MANY years ago). I am having a hard time converting the circle with center not the origin into polar form (Your second worksheet). Could you give me some insight?
Thank you.

1. Hi Meg, I’m out of town now so I can’t write a lot. But the polar equation is messy – I just replaced x=r*cos(theta), y=r*sin(theta) and we got what we got. The point of that question was to show kids that polar was MESSY for most circles not centered at the origin because the “r” would vary so dramatically for various theta.

HOWEVER this year I think I found an easy way to represent any circle (any radius, any center) in polar in a pretty elegant way. Soooooo yeah, that might have been a bit of a misconception.

For your purposes, though, know that that question was supposed to be ugly!

1. Meg B says:

So glad to hear this. I have 3 different math/physics teachers working on this and we are all having difficulty. We are thinking there is a way to use translations to do this nicely, but are still at work. Thanks for the response!

2. Okay, so I just got home – and I found a misconception in my thinking. My approach doesn’t give an elegant way to represent any circle (meaning any radius, any center) in polar! So please let me know if you find something interesting/nice in your investigations!!!

9. BT says:

Hi Sam! These are awesome. Thank you SO much for making your resources available! Do you by any chance have an answer key for your worksheets?